Migration - Diversity and Citizenship

Question: Do migrant and minority ethnic groups experience a sense of inclusion? How is this sense of inclusion recognised or manifested in a multicultural society? Compare and contrast at least two settler countries. Answer: Introduction The foreign citizenship defines migration for the purpose of settlement or by foreign birth. The major issue with these immigrants is that in the new state they have to suffer due to their different culture and tradition (Abdelmalek, 2004). Isin and Saward (2013) illustrated that conventionally, these migrants have to face the problem by the locals and even discriminated from the society but in the recent times, it is evident that society has welcomed them and develops a multicultural society, where they not only accepted their diverse tradition; however, they also have to respect their individuality in their community. In this assignment, two countries have been considered - the United States and the Great Britain. The percentage of people migrated to U.S. is 42.4 share of the U.S. population and it intends to rise in the coming future. Whereas, in the case of Great Britain, it is 29,900 million people, who migrated in the same year (Burrell 2016). Figure 1: Migrants from Great Britain (UK) in 2014 (Source: Burrell 2016) The assignment majorly enlightens the fact whether these migrant and cultural minority groups experience a sense of belonging in the new states and how these sense of belongings and recognized in a multicultural society. Lastly, the assignment wraps up with the conclusion of the entire study. Discussion People migrate to another country for various reasons and can be considered as different categories political, economic, social and environmental migration. Burrell (2016) depict that political migration signifies the moving of communal for escaping from any form of political persecution or war. Moreover, Pujolar (2015) stated that economic migration emphasizes the fact that people migrated for settlement and making a good career opportunity. According to the migration statistics, 37% of the men migrated to the United States for economic opportunity whereas 41% of women migrate to the concerned country for the same reason in the year 2014. 89% of the total migrants settled in UK for the economic reason that is for working purpose (Kivisto 2015). Figure 2: Reason for migration to the U.S. 2014 statistics (Source: Kivisto 2015) In addition to that, (Richmond, 2002) illustrate that social movement resembles the scenario of the migration that is done for better social life for their friends and family. Like in the above image 40% of the men migrated to the United States for a better family life and 36% of women migrate for the concerned reason in U.S. However, the scenario for the Great Britain, i.e., UK is different. The 31% of EU and non-EU migrated to UK social reason like accompanying their loved ones in the year 2013-14 (Conlon and Gill 2015). Lastly, the environmental migration highlights the migration that is done for the natural calamity in one country like earthquake or floods. Figure 3: Reason for migration to the U.K. 2013-2014 statistics (Source: Conlon and Gill 2015) According to (Joppke, 1996), migration majorly comprises of two perspectives emigration and immigration. Immigration of one country leads to migration in the other country. However, it is evident that these migration results is the following issues that are whether these immigrants experienced a sense of belonging or inclusion in the new country and how these thoughts manifest in a multicultural society for US and UK. It is evident that multiculturalism and recognition of their culture is one of the biggest problems that is facing by these immigrants over there prior culture. Arizpe (2014) mentions that migrants in UK faces problems like racism, prejudices and discrimination between people on a global scale and often suffers due to unemployment. This results in both first and second-generation immigrants. In this country, migrants have a competition for rank, status and employment between black and white Britons. This resembles the Clash of Civilizations to describe a new phase of w orld politics. Thus, the migrants belonged to the minority group have to suffer for their entire life in search of public recognition and autonomy rights. The multiculturalism of a nation resembles the existence of different cultural perspective and ethnic group in one society, where all the culture is equally distributed and valued. In the context of multiculturalism for the non-European origin in the United States, the local communal distinguish with the people based on the diverse race of the immigrants (Delgado Wise et al. 2013). The same problem is with the Britain where the local nationals oppose the immigrants for racial differences and cultural dimensions. The opposition can be further divided into two classifications - when a person migrates for an only economic reason and when those people migrate due to the social purpose (Bhopal 2014). In the former case, the worker or the labor affect alone in the workplace and even discriminated based on the gender and cultural variances. However, in the other circumstances when someone migrates for their family, the entire family members have to suffer and in such situations the problem reaches to the sphere of the society that is cultural and political spheres. Collyer (2013) demonstrate that the United States is not considered as a multilingual nation, and the biggest problem that is faced by these migrants is speaking in English. This affects their social life as they are unable to communicate with the society and somehow results in their isolation. Suvarierol (2012) depict that even the working personal in the emigrant nations did not found the same designation job in the immigrant nations and hence find it difficult to cope up with the There are various legislations imposed by the governing bodies of the United States for opposing the illegal migrants in the country. According to the legislation of Immigration Act of 1918, the foreign-born anarchists are detained and removed from the country as they are not able to match their cultural behavior (Smith 2014). Geiger and Pecoud (2014) depicted that some of the other policies regarding between EU and US is formulated by organizations like International Organization for Migration (IMO) and International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD). Moreover, in the year 1889, USA ruling bodies have passed legislation named Chinese Exclusion Act in 1889, according to which the Chinese immigrants are virtually excluded and have to pay a head tax between the year 1923 and 1961 (Railton 2013). In the context of the Great Britain, Bashford and McAdam (2014) states that the first legislation for the opposition of the immigrants was the Aliens Act, 1905 where passports are not allowed until the World War I ends. Recently, the government of the United Kingdom passed a legislation of called Immigration Act 2014 received on 14th May 2014. According to this law, all the public facilities and labor market have been abolished for the illegal immigrants, who have no rights to be present in UK (Clayton 2014). It also puts an end to the abuse of the Article 8 of the European Convention that is formulated for the protection of the human rights that is to respect the private life and family of a person. In the US it is also found that undocumented immigrants have a fear of being deported by the society and hence they refuse to consult with doctors, lawyers or other professionals out of fear that resulted in their illegal staying in the immigrant nation. (Clayton 2014) mention that this the reason why these migrants are mostly affected by sexual or racial harassments like violence, rape, even torture. However, in the recent times, people started to value every culture and tradition in their society and have developed a sense of multiculturalism where everyone can equally express their cultural identity without having the fear of the present states. The significant contribution to support this criterion is the impact of globalization where the acceleration of the rate of change are getting increased while the clash between the countries is reducing exponentially. People transfers information and capital through instantaneous electronic transfer and air transportation. Thus, the information age creates a virtual platform of information flows that exceeds the concepts of the time and space and allowed a human to respect the diverse culture of the different people. Post-modernism and post-traditionalism are the two ideas that come into consideration while discussing the impact of globalization on immigrations. Bale and Sang (2013) depicted that if immigrants are allowed to participate in the cultural functions of the migrant nations they can develop a sense of belongings in the new country or the state. However, Skeldon (2014) illustrate that in the traditional days it is evident that ethnic conflicts are most likely to be raised for the transformation of the pre-industrial concept to the postindustrial global system. In former times, the managing authorities value their nation and their communal the priority and hence do not intend to accept the ideologies suggested by the migrants employees; while in the recent times the leaders gave preferences to the diverse employees for attaining knowledge regarding the different ideas for the betterment of their culture. Ethnic cleansing and irredentist movements are designed to reunite ethnoreligious group so that the conflict between any two nations can be avoided. Abel and Sander (2014) mention that even though the modern people support the concept of migration, a few percentages of them is against of this fact. According to a survey conducted in the US, it is found that only a 25% of American supports the increase of immigrants in their nation while the rest of the communal feel that lesser immigrants should be a grant to entrance in the country (Zolberg and AR 2015). One of the minority groups in the US is the "Hispanic group, who migrates to the concerned country and is for the immigration. They comprise 36% and most of them belong to the age group of 18 years; while on the other hand, 21% of the non-Hispanic supports lesser immigrants in their nation (Bostean 2013). Moreover, some African-American voters who belong between the two comprise of the 30% of the communal, who favor higher immigration rates (Garb 2014). Schller (2013) stated that it is evident that these migration rates are highly supported due to 9/11 terrorist attacks in 2001. A majority of the person in the United States believes that immigration of population brings good for their nation by enhancing their economic growth. According to Migration Policy Institute, US immigration fuels the economy of America and improves employment, productivity, and income. Moreover, it also helps them to attain the best global talent by retaining more international students and engineers. It not only enhances the multilingualism but it also helps in to develop as a less globally isolated country. Bostean (2013) mention in their work that people of America are less intend to travel to another county for knowing the diverse culture as a various culture can be seen in their home country. UK has adopted the multiculturalism to address the increasing settlement problems among non-British immigrants. In UK immigration helps in the rise in the economic by raising the annual revenue of the country by 20 billion (Boutaba et al. 2013). The immigrants in UK also benefited the cou ntry by bridging the skills gaps as many of them concerned about the work, opportunity and education and they are using their skills for their personal and national development. Thus, migration can help in the development of the nation if they have provided a proper sense of inclusion and manifested in a multicultural society. Conclusion In this assignment, the major concern is the migration which represents the relocation of a person for many reasons like for educational or settlement. These migrants have to come up with the cultural and linguistic differences. They have to face the problem by the locals and even discriminated from the society depending on their racial and cultural diversification. There are four different migrations and they are political, economic, social and environmental migration that makes a personnel to migrate from the one nation to the other. The assignment has successfully depicted that in the conventional days the migrants have to face many problems for their multilinguistic differences and racial diversities. However, in the recent time, they have experienced a sense of inclusion and ensures in the formulation of a multicultural society. 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